多层的建筑物------外文翻译.doc

Introduction to high-rise building structures a general basis of understanding shoud be established before we begin a detailed treatment of high-rise building.thus the following discussion first traces the development of the sky-scrapper structure in its historical context;then typical structural building systems are introduced from the point of view of geometrical layout.the chapter concludes by relating the building structure to other design determinants. development of high-rise buildings the first high-rise duildings date back to antiquity.load-bearing wall structures 10 stories high were already used in the roman cities. western cities expended rapidly in nineteenth century,and the high density of population forced the revival of the tall building that had disappeared with the fall of the roman empire. the principle of the masonry bearing wall structure was again utilized. however this type of structural system has the disadvantage that with increase responding directly to the nature of gravity flow. the limits of this construction became apparent with the 16-storymonadnock building(1891) in chicago, which required the lower walls tobe more than 6 ft thick . the usage of lightweight frame systems seemed to be the natural answer,since iron and later steel framing allowed greater heights and more and larger openings.the development of the steel skeleton took more than 100 yesra. not only did iron have to be recognized as a building material, but production methods had to be developed.this required research into the behavior of the new material to generate the best memer shapes and assemblage forms,and also necessitated the development of precision detail and craftmanship. the engineer of the nineteenth century made the architect recognize the potential of the frame element. he advanced its usage in bridges,factories,warehouses,and exhibition spaces.this influence can be seen as far back as 1801 in a seven-story iron framed english cotton mill in manchester,in w