湖南大学“超级计算机人才”培训内部资料第一次.pptVIP

第一章 引论（Introduction） 讲授：李肯立 lkl510@263.net Office:软件大楼105 助教：朱香元 童钊 罗兴 时间：周四晚：7：00-8：40 Task of today 1 宏观的介绍并行计算概念和目的 2 微观的介绍并行算法设计的基本思想 内容较轻松，但也有计算部分，初涉并行计算！ 现代科学与工程的计算要求 传统的科学基于观察、理论和实验，其特征是由物理实验和模型来刻画 现代科学的特征由观察、理论、实验和数值模拟来刻画 其中，数值模拟已成为科学家们的重要工具。但是，许多重要的科学问题的数值模拟非常复杂，需要高速计算机（或高性能计算机）才能求解 几个挑战性问题例子 全球海洋环流的数值模拟 新的高温超导材料 分子动力学 随着科学技术的进步和社会生产力的发展，尤其是网络应用，网络服务的发展，提出了许多复杂的问题，不仅计算量大，而且处理的数据规模也大，所谓的海量计算或海量数据处理。 综上所述，现代科学与工程需要高性能计算 Simulation: The Third Pillar of Science Traditional scientific and engineering paradigm: Do theory or paper design. Perform experiments or build system. Limitations: Too difficult -- build large wind tunnels. Too expensive -- build a throw-away passenger jet. Too slow -- wait for climate or galactic evolution. Too dangerous -- weapons, drug design, climate experiments. Computational science paradigm: Use high performance computer systems to simulate the phenomenon. Base on known physical laws and efficient numerical methods. Some Challenging Computations Science Global climate modeling Astrophysical modeling Biology: genomics; protein folding; drug design Computational Chemistry Computational Material Sciences and Nanosciences Engineering Crash simulation Semiconductor design Earthquake and structural modeling Computation fluid dynamics (airplane design) Combustion (engine design) Business Financial and economic modeling Transaction processing, web services and search engines Defense Nuclear weapons -- test by simulation Cryptography Units of Measure in HPC High Performance Computing (HPC) units are: Flops: floating point operations Flop/s: floating point operations per second Bytes: size of data (double precision floating point number is 8) Typical sizes are millions, billions, trillions… Mega Mflop/s = 106 flop/sec Mbyte = 106 byte (also 220 = 1048576) Giga Gflop/s = 109 flop/sec Gbyte = 109 byte (also 230 = 1073741824) Tera Tflop/s = 1012 flop/sec Tbyte = 1012 byte (also 240 = 1099521162