工程材料外文翻译【中英文对照】.docVIP

ENGINEERING MATERIALS——工程材料【中英文对照】 TYPES OF MATERIALS Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials. For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products. Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other material used in the manufacturing process which do not become part of the product. This grouping is not exact. Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: 1. Metals. 2. Polymers 3. Ceramics. A fourth type of material sometime listed is called a composite. Materials in this group are made up of two or more material from the engineering groups, Each of the materials in composite retains its original characteristics. Examples of composites include wood-, concrete-, glass-reinforced polyester, and graphite polymer advanced composites. COMMON METALS Pure metals are seldom used in common industrial products. Pure copper is used in electrical applications, in automotive radiators, and gaskets. Pure aluminum has application in the chemical and electrical industries. However, most metals are alloys(combinations of two or more elements). There are over 25,000 different iron-carbon alloys(steel) and over 200 standard copper alloys including a number of brasses, bronzes, and nickel silvers. Each of these alloys are identified by a code number. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with other elements added to produce specific properties. The various type of steel can be grouped under two major heading: (1)?Carbon steel. A steel in which the main alloying element is carbon. Carbon steel are further divided into three groups. a.?Low carbon steel. This steel has a carbon content of less than 0.30 percent. It is the most common type and is often called mild stee