2014年城市生态学外文文献 演示文稿.pptVIP

ANALYSISEcosystem services in urban areas Stockholm Discussed questions 1. Which kind of problem does the service contribute to the solution of? 2.What ecosystems are involved in the generation of the service, and how? 3.Quantification and valuation of the service with examples from the literature. 4.Examples from Stockholm 1.Air filtering Vegetation:bushes or grassland Needles, coniferous trees A mix of species seems to be the best alternative. Approximately 10% (22 km2) of the land area in the city of Stockholm is forested. Air temperature Water areas Vegetation reduces heating costs. The micro-climate in Stockholm is regulated to a great extent by the large bodies of water in the city, as the city is situated on a number of islands. 3. Noise reduction Two factors:distance, the character of the ground A dense shrubbery , dense vegetation Increasing the areas with soft ground and vegetation. Evergreen trees are preferred in this case. 4. Rainwater drainage concrete and tarmac covering the ground Alterations of water flow The soft ground of vegetated areas allows water to seep through and the vegetation takes up water and releases it into the air through evapotranspiration. Using the ecosystem service could lower the cost. 5. Sewage treatment Up to 96% of the nitrogen and 97% of the phosphorous can be retained in wetlands, and so far wetland restorations have largely been successful, increasing biodiversity and substantially lowering costs of sewage treatment. Stockholm has very few natural wetlands available for sewage treatment. 6. Recreational and cultural values Vegetation Lichens indicate the air quality. The appearance of fauna,e.g, birds and fish Approximately 30 different species are found here. Green spaces 7. Synthesis 8. Land use Sprawled cities Urban ecosystems are threatened by the process of increasing the density of buildings. A combination of different land uses on the same piece of land is probably needed in order to safeguard and improve th