单片机英文翻译—输入_输出访问Input_Output Accessing（英文+译文）.docVIP

Input/Output Accessing In this article, we will look at the three basic methods of I/O accessing － programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). The key issue that distinguishes these three methods is how deeply the processor is involved in I/O operations. The discussion emphasizes interrupt-driven I/O, because it is based on the concept of interrupt handling, which is a general problem that goes beyond Input/Output operations. The study of interrupt handling also aids in understanding the general concept of exception processing, which is an important issue not only for I/O, but also for interfacing a computer with other system control functions. Addressing I/O Registers Input/Output devices communicate with a processor through Input/Output ports. Through the input ports, s processor receives data from the I/O devices. Through the output ports, a processor sends data to the I/O devices. Each I/O port consists of a small set of registers, such as data buffer registers (the input buffer and/or the output buffer), the status register, and the control register. The processor must have some means to address these registers while communicating with them. There are two common methods of addressing I/O register － memory-mapped I/O and direct I/O. 1. Memory-Mapped I/O Memory-mapped I/O maps the I/O registers and main memory into a unified address space in the computer system. I/O registers share the same address space with main memory, but are mapped to a specific section that is reserved just for I/O. Thus, the I/O register can be addressed in ordinary memory reference instructions as if they are part of the main memory locations. There are no specially designed I/O instructions in the instruction set of the system. Any instruction that references a location in this areais an I/O instruction. Any instruction that can specify a memory address is capable of performing I/O operations. The Motorola MC68000 is an example of a computer system that uses