第一章 运筹学绪论和线性规划.pptVIP

Operations Research Textbook： Reference: The origins of Operations Research the military services early in Word War II Operations Research (commonly referred to O.R).可直译为“运用研究”,“作业研究”. 1957年我国从“夫运筹帷幄之中,决胜于千里之外”(见《史记?高祖本记》)这句古语中摘取“运筹”二字,将O.R正式译成”运筹学”,包含运用筹划,以策略取胜的意义. 运筹学的定义 运筹学是一门应用于管理有组织系统的科学,它为掌握这类系统的人提供决策目标和数量分析的工具(大英百科全书). 运筹学应用分析,试验,量化的方法,对经济管理系统中的人,财,物等有限资源进行统筹安排,为决策者提供有依据的最优方案,以实现最有效的管理(中国企业管理百科全书). 运筹学是一种给出问题不坏答案的艺术，否则的话问题的结果会更坏。 早期运筹学思想 齐王和田忌赛马的故事 丁渭修皇宫的故事(丁渭修宫,一举而三役济) 丹麦工程师A.K.Erlang研究电话占线问题 哥尼斯堡七桥问题 E.Zermelo用集合论研究下棋问题 美国Thomas Edison在第一次世界大战中研究商船航行策略,防止敌潜艇的攻击. Overview of the OR modeling Approach Defining the problem and gathering data Formulating a mathematical model Deriving solutions from the model Testing the model Preparing to apply the model Implementation conclusion Main contents 线性规划(Linear programming) 运输问题(Transportation problem) 目标规划(Goal programming) 整数规划(Integer programming) 分配问题(Assignment problem) 动态规划(Dynamic programming) Main contents 图和网络模型(Graph and network modeling) 存储论(Inventory theory) 博弈论(Game theory) 决策论(Decision theory) 排队论(Queueing theory) Algorithms and OR courseware WinQSB OR Tutor Conclusion: 4 probabilities for two decision variables LP model by graphical solution Just one optimal solution, it must be a CPF solution; Multiple optimal solutions, at least two must be CPF solutions; Just has feasible solution but no optimal solution; No feasible solution. 1.3 Example for Workforce Planning: A post office requires different numbers of full-time employees on different days of the week. The number of full-time employees required on each day is given in Table 1. Union rules state that each full-time employee must work five consecutive days and then receive two days off. For example, an employee who works Monday to Friday must be off on Saturday and Sunday. The post office wants to meet its daily requirements using only full-time employees. Formulate an LP that the post office can use to minimize the number of full-time empl