英语词汇石化消解策略.pptVIP

英语词汇“石化”消解策略 1.石化的涵义 2.石化分类 3.石化特点 4.石化成因 5.石化消解策略 1.石化的涵义 The notion of “fossilization can date back to scholars such as Weinreich(1953) and Nemser(1971). Weinreich, for example, talked about “permanent grammatical influence” (cited in Selinker, 1992:41)and Nemser talked about “permanent intermediate systems and subsystems”(p.174). The term “fossilization” was introduced to the field of SLA by Selinker in 1972 on the basis of his observation that the vast majority second language learners fail to achieve the native-speaker competence. The term, borrowed from the field of paleontology（古生物学）, and actually a misnomer, is effective because it conjures up an image of dinosaurs being enclosed in residue and becoming a set of hardened remains encased in sediment. The metaphor, as used in SLA literature, is appropriate because it refers to earlier language forms that become encased(cover in case) in a learner’s IL and that, theoretically, cannot be changed by special attention or practice of the TL. Despite debate over the degree of permanence, fossilization is generally accepted as a fact of life in the process of SLA. 恐龙化石 Fossilizable linguistic phenomena are linguistic items, rules, and subsystems which speakers of a particular native language will tend to keep in their interlanguage relative to a particular target language, no matter what the age of the learner or amount of explanation or instruction he receives in the target language” (Selinker, 1972, p. 215) 语言的石化现象是指外语学习者的过渡语（即中介语）中的一些语言项目、语法规则和系统性知识趋于固定下来的状态，年龄的增长和学习量的变化对改变这种固定状态不起作用。 Since 1972, the notion of fossilization has seen a gradual abstraction and an expansion in scope. In 1978, Selinker and Lamendella explicitly defined it in terms of: a permanent cessation of IL learning before the learner has attained TL norms at all levels of linguistic structure and in all discourse domains in spite of the learner’s positive ability, opportunity, and motivation to learn and