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Functiones et Approximatio XXXVII (2007), 7–21 REFINEMENTS OF GOLDBACH’S CONJECTURE, AND THE GENERALIZED RIEMANN HYPOTHESIS Andrew Granville To Jean-Marc Deshouillers on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday Abstract: We present three remarks on Goldbach’s problem. First we suggest a refinement of Hardy and Littlewood’s conjecture for the number of representations of 2n as the sum of two primes positing an estimate with a very small error term. Next we show that if a strong form of Goldbach’s conjecture is true then every even integer is the sum of two primes from a rather sparse set of primes. Finally we show that an averaged strong form of Goldbach’s conjecture is equivalent to the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis; as well as a similar equivalence to estimates for the number of ways of writing integers as the sum of k primes. Keywords: Goldbach, additive number theory, Riemann zeta function. 1. Three remarks on Goldbach’s conjecture In 1740 Goldbach conjectured, in a letter to Euler, that every integer 1 is the sum of at most three primes. Euler replied that it would suffice to prove Every even integer 2 is the sum of two primes and this is now known as “Goldbach’s conjecture”. Recently a publisher, seeking publicity for a new novel, offered a million dollars for its resolution, but the con- jecture remains as open today as it ever has been. In 1922 Hardy and Littlewood [5] guesstimated, via a heuristic based on the circle method, an asymptotic for the number of representations of an even integer as the sum of two primes: Define g (2N ) = # p, q prime : p + q = 2N . Their conjecture is equivalent to g (2N ) ∼ I (2N ) where