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Chapter 12 Tests of Goodness of Fit and Independence Learning Objectives 1. Know how to conduct a goodness of fit test. 2. Know how to use sample data to test for independence of two variables. 3. Understand the role of the chi-square distribution in conducting tests of goodness of fit and independence. 4. Be able to conduct a goodness of fit test for cases where the population is hypothesized to have either a multinomial, a Poisson, or a normal probability distribution. 5. For a test of independence, be able to set up a contingency table, determine the observed and expected frequencies, and determine if the two variables are independent. Solutions: 1. Expected frequencies: e1 = 200 (.40) = 80, e2 = 200 (.40) = 80 e3 = 200 (.20) = 40 Actual frequencies: f1 = 60, f2 = 120, f3 = 20 = 9.21034 with k - 1 = 3 - 1 = 2 degrees of freedom Since = 35 9.21034 reject the null hypothesis. The population proportions are not as stated in the null hypothesis. 2. Expected frequencies: e1 = 300 (.25) = 75, e2 = 300 (.25) = 75 e3 = 300 (.25) = 75, e4 = 300 (.25) = 75 Actual frequencies: f1 = 85, f2 = 95, f3 = 50, f4 = 70 = 7.81473 with k - 1 = 4 - 1 = 3 degrees of freedom Since ?2 = 15.33 7.81473 reject H0 We conclude that the proportions are not all equal. 3. H0 = pABC = .29, pCBS = .28, pNBC = .25, pIND = .18 Ha = The proportions are not pABC = .29, pCBS = .28, pNBC = .25, pIND = .18 Expected frequencies: 300 (.29) = 87, 300 (.28) = 84 300 (.25) = 75, 300 (.18) = 54 e1 = 87, e2 = 84, e3 = 75, e4 = 54 Actual frequencies: f1 = 95, f2 = 70, f3 = 89, f4 = 46 = 7.81 (3 degrees of freedom) Do not reject H0; there is no significant change in the viewing audience proportions. 4. Observed Expected Hypothesized Frequency Frequency Category Proportion (fi) (ei) (fi - ei)2 / ei Brown 0.30 177 151.8 4.18 Yellow 0.