Chapter 1 Varieties of Language (newS).ppt

(2) be 用来表示经常性、习惯性的事。 John is often mad. → The coffee is always cold. → (3) Ain’t 用来代替be + not, have + not, do +not, did + not 。 He didn’t do it . → I haven’t got the time. → (4) multiple-negative constructions e.g. He doesn’t do anything. → I haven’t got any milk. → (5) 语言屈折变化的一些手段,如复数、所有 格、第三人称单数、过去式等都有不同程度地省略。 He got three cents. → That’s my brother’s book. → She likes new clothes. → They talked all night . → (6) “there is” → e.g. Is there a Mr. Wang in this office? → There is no food here. → ③ Gender varieties: Female speakers: (1) female-sounding words E.g. (2) the forbidding of four-letter words. (3) extra politeness: e.g. (Please) bring your report next time. → I wonder if you could bring your report next time ? Would you please bring you report next time ? (Please) shut the window. → Would you mind shutting the window, please ? (4) tag questions e.g. Oh , he likes it , doesn’t he ? You are going to stay with us , aren’t you ? You speak good English , don’t you ? That’s your umbrella , isn’t it ? ④ Age varieties: Younger people’s slangy expressions: e.g. 1、guts 2、nerd 3、yummy 4、jerk 5、nuts 6、bud 7、flunk 8、 ring a bell 9、in the bag 10、 get the hang of sth. III. Registers 1. Field of Discourse The linguistic reflection of the purposive role of the language user, --- the type of social activity the language user is engaged in doing in the situation in which the text has occurred. ① technical field of discourse: E.g. forward / center / guard / clean shot / dunk shot / rebound / assist / blocking / charging / holding ② non-technical fields of discourse: phatic communion, gossip, casual conversation, personal letters, etc. E.g. Mike: Mornin’, Tom! Tom: Hi. How’s it goin’? Mike: Oh, can’t explain, I guess. Ready for the meeting this afternoon? Tom: Well, I can’t have much choice. 2. Mode of discourse The linguistic reflection of the relationship that the language user has to the medium of communication. Spoken language: Written lan