Control Chart for Attributes.ppt

Attributes Probability Control Chart for Attributes Bahagian 1 Introduction Many quality characteristics cannot be conveniently represented numerically. In such cases, each item inspected is classified as either conforming or nonconforming to the specifications on that quality characteristic. Quality characteristics of this type are called attributes. Examples are nonfunctional semiconductor chips, warped connecting rods, etc,. Type of Attribute Charts p charts This chart shows the fraction of nonconforming or defective product produced by a manufacturing process. It is also called the control chart for fraction nonconforming. np charts This chart shows the number of nonconforming. Almost the same as the p chart. c charts This shows the number of defects or nonconformities produced by a manufacturing process. u charts This chart shows the nonconformities per unit produced by a manufacturing process. p charts In this chart, we plot the percent of defectives (per batch, per day, per machine, etc.). However, the control limits in this chart are not based on the distribution of rate events but rather on the binomial distribution (of proportions). Formula Fraction nonconforming: p = (np)/n where p = proportion or fraction nc in the sample or subgroup, n = number in the sample or subgroup, np = number nc in the sample or subgroup. Example During the first shift, 450 inspection are made of book-of the month shipments and 5 nc units are found. Production during the shift was 15,000 units. What is the fraction nc? p = (np)/n = 5/450 = 0.011 The p, is usually small, say 0.10 or less. If p 0.10, indicate that the organization is in serious difficulty. p-Chart contruction for constant subgroup size Select the quality characteristics. Determine the subgroup size and method Collect the data. Calculate the trial central line and control limits. Establish the revised central line and control limits. Achieve the objective. Select the quality characteristics The qual