chIntroduction.pptVIP

* Some System Calls * Some System Calls (2) * System Calls (2) Processes have three segments: text (program code), data (variable), stack * System Calls (5) Some Win32 API calls that roughly correspond to the UNIX calls * 1.7 Operating System Structure A simple structuring model for a monolithic system Monolithic system (单体系统): The structure is that there is no structure. The OS is written as a collection of procedures, each of which can call any of the other ones whenever it needs to. * Layered systems Structure of the THE operating system Layered system (分层系统): Organize the OS as a hierarchy of layers, each one constructed upon the one below it. * Virtual Machines Structure of VM/370 with CMS Virtual Machines (虚拟机): The heart of the system, known as the virtual machine monitor, runs on the bare hardware and does the multiprogramming, providing several virtual machines to the next layer up. * Client-Server Model The client-server model, all the kernel does is handle the communication between clients and servers. A trend in modern OS is to take the idea of moving code up into higher layers even further and remove as much as possible from kernel mode, leaving a minimal microkernel. * Client-Server Model (2) The client-server model in a distributed system 例程的作用类似于函数，但含义更为丰富一些。例程是某个系统对外提供的功能接口或服务的集合。比如操作系统的API、服务等就是例程；Delphi或C++Builder提供的标准函数和库函数等也是例程。我们编写一个DLL的时候，里面的输出函数就是这个DLL的例程。可以这么简单地来理解：把一段相对独立的代码写成单独的一个模块就是函数的概念。我们可以在自己的程序中编写很多个函数，从而实现模块化编程。但这些模块或者说函数并不一定向外输出（即提供给别的程序使用），只用于当前这个程序里面。此时这些函数就仅仅具有独立函数的意义，但不是例程。但如果我们把这些函数编写为DLL动态库的输出函数的话，此时虽然对于编写这个DLL的程序员来讲，仍然可以用函数的概念来理解这些DLL提供的功能，但对于以后调用这个DLL的程序来说，DLL里面提供的输出函数（或者说服务）就是例程了。因此“例程”的基本概念就包含了“例行事务性子程序”的含义，既然是例行的事务子程序，则必然通用性和相对独立性都比较强，所以很适合通过DLL、静态库（各种编程语言里面的库函数）、API、操作系统服务等方式来实现了。 * Parallel Systems Multiprocessor systems with more than one CPU in close communication. （多处理器） Tightly coupled system – processors share memory and a clock; communication usually takes place through the shared memory. （紧密耦合) Adva