总结alevel有机化学中涉及的化学反应.docVIP

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总结alevel有机化学中涉及的化学反应.doc

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SUMMARY OF REACTION PATHWAYS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY You need to know the equations, conditions, reagents and type of reaction for all these reactions. You need to know the mechanism for some of them. 1. Alkane ( chloroalkane reagents: Cl2 conditions: UV light mechanism: free radical substitution equation: RH + Cl2 ( RCl + HCl 2. Alkene ( polyalkene Conditions: low T, high p. Equation: Type of reaction: addition polymerisation (free radical) 3. Alkene ( bromoalkane Reagent: HX(g) Conditions: room T Equation: Type of reaction: electrophilic addition 4. Alkene ( dibromoalkane Reagent: Br2 in water or in an organic solvent Conditions: room T Equation: Mechanism: electrophilic addition 5. Alkene ( alkylhydrogensulphate Reagent: concentrated sulphuric acid Conditions: cold Equation: Mechanism: electrophilic addition 6. Alkylhydrogensulphate ( alcohol Reagent: water Conditions: warm Equation: Type of reaction: hydrolysis 7. Alkene ( alcohol Reagent: steam Conditions: 300 oC, 60 atm, H3PO4 catalyst Equation: Type of reaction: hydration 8. Haloalkane ( alcohol Reagent: NaOH(aq) or KOH(aq) Conditions: warm under reflux Equation: R-X + OH- ( R-OH + X- Type of reaction: nucleophilic substitution 9. Haloalkane ( nitrile Reagent: KCN in aqueous ethanol Conditions: boil under reflux Equation: R-X + CN- ( R-CN + X- Type of reaction: nucleophilic substitution 10. Haloalkane ( Amine Reagent: ammonia in ethanol in a sealed tube Conditions: heat Equation: R-X + 2NH3 ( R-NH2 + NH4X Type of reaction: nucleophilic substitution 11. Haloalkane ( alkene Reagent: KOH in ethanol Conditions: heat Equation: Type of reaction: elimination 12. Primary alcohol ( aldehyde Reagent: potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid Conditions: warm, distillation Equation: RCH2OH + [O] ( RCHO + H2O Type of reaction: mild oxidation 13. Secondary alcohol ( ketone Reagent: potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid Conditions: heat, distillation Equation: R1CH(OH)R2