语言学知识板块及考点总结.docVIP

语言学知识板块及考点总结 Ⅰ定义篇 phonetics(U2 of 陈；C3 of 丁) ⑴phonetics deals with description, classification and transcription of speech sounds. (2)consonants are sounds produced by obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. (3)cardinal vowels are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intending to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowel of existing languages. (4)coarticulation is the process of simultaneous or overlapping articulations when sounds show the influence of their neighbors. (5)phonetics transcription: 1. when we try to symbolize all the possible speech sounds, including even the minutest shades of pronunciation, it is called narrow transcription. 2. when we use a set of simple symbols in our transcription, trying to indicate only those sounds capable of distinguish one word from another in a given language, it is called broad transcription. (6)RP: short for received pronunciation, the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England, It has been the accent of those with power, money and influence since the early to mid 20th century. phonology phonology is concerned with the exploration of the patterns governing sound combinations. Phones are the smallest perceptible segment of sounds in a stream of speech. phoneme is an abstract collection of phonetics features which can distinguish meaning. minimal pair: when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment in the same place in strings, the two sound segments are called a minimal pair. allophones: the different realizations of the same phoneme in different phonetics environments are called allophones. complementary distribution: when two or more than two allophones of the same phonemes do not distinguish meaning and occur in different phonetic environments. free variation: if the substitution of one sound does not genera