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Nature of Science (NOS) What is NOS about? What is science? How do scientists do their work? What is the nature of scientific knowledge? How does scientific knowledge develop? Is science objective? (What is objectivity?) How does science differ from other ways of knowing? Study of NOS The study of NOS informed by: Philosophy of Science History of Science Sociology of Science Science Education What do we know about NOS? Science cannot be singularly (and definitively) defined because it is interpreted in different ways by different people. Methods such as the NOS card sort and surveys encourage students to think specifically about their views on science. Scientists, science educators philosophers of science have proposed some consensus views on NOS. Consensus Views on NOS Empirically-based Scientific knowledge is based on evidence. Testable Scientific ideas can be theoretically falsified through evidentiary tests or predicted observations. Tentative, yet Reliable Scientific ideas can change given new data or new interpretations Consensus NOS Views Culturally-embedded Scientists scientific ideas are influenced by the society from they arise. Creative Scientists employ creativity in posing questions, collecting data, and interpreting data. (What does this suggest about “The Scientific Method?) Consensus NOS Views Theory/Law Distinction Scientific theories are robust, empirically supported explanations of natural phenomena. Scientific laws are perceived regularities regarding the natural world. Therefore, theories never become laws. Laws are typically more narrow in focus than theories. Provide examples from the history of science to support… Empirically-based Testable Tentative Culturally-embedded Creative Http:// 衬塑复合管 涂塑复合管 钢塑复合管 消防涂覆钢管