kc第16讲事务管理技术.pptVIP

第10讲:(第15章) 事务管理技术  重庆大学计算机学院 Transaction Concept A transaction is a unit of program execution that accesses and possibly updates various data items. A transaction must see a consistent database. During transaction execution the database may be temporarily inconsistent. When the transaction completes successfully (is committed), the database must be consistent. After a transaction commits, the changes it has made to the database persist, even if there are system failures. Multiple transactions can execute in parallel. Two main issues to deal with: Failures of various kinds,such as hardware failures and system crashes Concurrent execution of multiple transactions ACID Properties 原子性Atomicity. Either all operations of the transaction are properly reflected in the database or none are. 一致性Consistency. Execution of a transaction in isolation preserves the consistency of the database. 隔离性Isolation. Although multiple transactions may execute concurrently, each transaction must be unaware of other concurrently executing transactions. (Intermediate transaction results must be hidden from other concurrently executed transactions) That is, for every pair of transactions Ti and Tj , it appears to Ti that either Tj finished execution before Ti started, or Tj started execution after Ti finished.(即每个事务都感觉不到其它事务在并行执行) 持久性Durability. After a transaction completes successfully, the changes it has made to the database persist, even if there are system failures. Example of Fund Transfer–资金转账 Transaction to transfer $50 from account A to account B: 1. read(A) 2. A := A – 50 3. write(A) 4. read(B) 5. B := B + 50 6. write(B) Atomicity requirement — if the transaction fails after step 3 and before step 6, the system should ensure that its updates are not reflected in the database, else an inconsistency will result. Consistency requirement – the sum of A and B is unchanged by the execution of the transaction. Isolation requirement Durability requirement Example o