《PNAS-2016-Chang-Light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep》.pdf

Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness Anne-Marie Changa,b,1,2, Daniel Aeschbacha,b,c, Jeanne F. Duffya,b, and Charles A. Czeislera,b aDivision of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; bDivision of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and cInstitute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, 51147 Cologne, Germany Edited by Joseph S. Takahashi, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, and approved November 26, 2014 (received for review September 24, 2014) In the past 50 y, there has been a decline in average sleep duration sleep, and subjective and objective measures of sleepiness both in and quality, with adverse consequences on general health. A the evening while reading and the following morning. representative survey of 1,508 American adults recently revealed that 90% of Americans used some type of electronics at least Results a few nights per week within 1 h before bedtime. Mounting Twelve healthy young adults (mean ± SD: 24.92 ± 2.87 y; six evidence from countries around the world shows the negative women) completed a 14-d inpatient protocol. The randomized, impact of such technology use on sleep. This negative impact on crossover design (shown in Fig. 1) consisted of two conditions: sleep may be due to the short-wavelength–enriched light emitted (i ) reading an LE-eBook in otherwise very dim room light for by these electronic devices, given that artificial-light exposure has ∼4 h before bedtime for five consecutive evenings, and (ii ) been shown experimentally to produce alerting effects, suppre