新编计算机英语教程 作者 李心广 柯晓华 姚敏锋 王敏 Chapter 10.pptVIP

Chapter TenProgramming and Programming Language Introduction In this chapter, we present an overview of programming and programming language Section A. Programming Computer program, or just program, is a sequence of coded instructions fed into a computer, enabling it to perform specified logical and arithmetical operations on data. 1. Programming paradigms Programming paradigm is a fundamental style of computer programming. Categories declarative imperative Imperative paradigm is a programming paradigm that describes computation in terms of statements that change a program state. Programs written using an imperative language specify an algorithm using declarations, expressions, and statements. declarations: Var x: integer; expressions: x + 2 statements: if x = 4 then do_something(); Declarative paradigm expresses what needs to be done, without prescribing how to do it in terms of sequences of actions to be taken. Difference: a declarative programming language says “what” an imperative programming language says “how”. 2. Functional programming Functional programming is one broad categories of declarative programming It emphasizes the application of functions (in contrast to the imperative programming style, which emphasizes changes in state) Programming in a functional style can also be accomplished in languages that aren’t specifically designed for functional programming For example: JavaScript Multi-paradigm language, such as Python, can program in both imperative and functional styles: 3. Object-oriented programming Object-oriented programming (OOP) is an imperatvie programming paradigm that uses “objects” to design applications and computer programs, such as C++, Java and so on. Concepts in OOP Class defines the abstract characteristics of a thing (object), including the thing’s characteristics (its attributes) and the thing’s behaviors (the things it can do). Members the properties and methods defined by a class Object a pattern (exemplar) of a class