BULKDEFORMATIONPROCESSESINMETALWORKING.ppt

FORGING HAMMERS (DROP HAMMERS) Apply an impact load against workpart - two types: Gravity drop hammers - impact energy from falling weight of a heavy ram Power drop hammers - accelerate the ram by pressurized air or steam Disadvantage: impact energy transmitted through anvil into floor of building Most commonly used for impression-die forging Diagram showing details of a drop hammer for impression?die forging * FORGING PRESSES Apply gradual pressure to accomplish compression operation - types: Mechanical presses - converts rotation of drive motor into linear motion of ram Hydraulic presses - hydraulic piston actuates ram Screw presses - screw mechanism drives ram * III. EXTRUSION Compression forming process in which the work metal is forced to flow through a die opening to produce a desired cross?sectional shape Process is similar to squeezing toothpaste out of a toothpaste tube In general, extrusion is used to produce long parts of uniform cross-sections Two basic types of extrusion: Direct extrusion Indirect extrusion Direct extrusion * COMMENTS ON DIRECT EXTRUSION Also called forward extrusion As ram approaches die opening, a small portion of billet remains that cannot be forced through die opening This extra portion, called the butt, must be separated from extruded product by cutting it just beyond the die exit Starting billet cross section usually round, but final shape is determined by die opening (a) Direct extrusion to produce a hollow or semi?hollow cross?section; (b) hollow and (c) semi?hollow cross? sections * COMMENTS ON INDIRECT EXTRUSION Also called backward extrusion and reverse extrusion Limitations of indirect extrusion are imposed by the lower rigidity of hollow ram and difficulty in supporting extruded product as it exits die Indirect extrusion to produce (a) a solid cross?section and (b) a hollow cross?section * GENERAL ADVANTAGES OF EXTRUSION Variety of shapes possible, especially in hot extrusion Limit