(Lesson23)OpticalFibers.PDFVIP

Group Velocity and Phase Velocity •Light speed is really the phase velocity v ω vk Where ω = 2πf = angular frequency k = wave vector =2π/λ •This is really the velocity of the waves •However information travels in wave packets •Wave packets have a frequency variation •Frequency is modulated by slowly changing δω •Have ω+δω and ω-δω frequency rang •This packet moves with wave vector δk •Thus the group velocity is given by dω v g dk •In a vacuum dω vg c phase velocity dk •Each mode in a fiber travels with different group velocity •Thus get spreading of information packet Multi Mode and Single Mode Fiber •Multi mode fiber results in spreading of signal •But number of modes is set by core diameter and index •Can change number of modes by changing these •Want a single mode fiber m=0 •Number of modes are set by (2V −φ) m ≤ π •Where V is the V number given by 2πa 2 2 V n −n 1 2 λ •Thus get a single mode when Vπ/2 •To create single mode make diameter of core very small •Result much reduced pulse spreading •Multi mode fiber 380 μm diameter with 200 μm core •Single mode 125 μm diameter with 10 μm core •Also in indexes much smaller Acceptance Angle and Fibers •Problem with single mode is harder to get signal into fiber •Called coupling w