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2.2 Which functions have Fourier expansions? If f is a 2L-periodic piecewise smooth and continuous function then for all x f(x) = ao + (2.2-1a) If f is a 2L-periodic piecewise smooth function then for all x = ao + (2.2-1b) At points where f(x) is continuous, f(x+) = f(x() = f(x) and hence Eq. (2.2-1b) is the same as Eq. (2.2-1a). f(x() denotes the limit from the left and f(x+) denotes the limit from the right. Consider the function At the point of discontinuity, x = 1, the limit of the function from the left is 1 while the limit from the right is ?. Symbolically, this is denoted by f(1() = and f(1+) = A function f(x) is piecewise smooth on some interval if the interval can be broken up into sections such that in each section the function f(x) is continuous and its derivative df/dx is also continuous. The function may not be continuous but the only kind of discontinuity allowed is a finite number of jump discontinuities. A function f(x) has a jump discontinuity at a point x if the limit from the left f(x() is not equal to the limit from the right f(x+). An example of a piecewise smooth function is shown in Fig. 2.2-1. Figure 2.2-1. A piecewise smooth function Over the interval [(3, 3], the function has three jump discontinuities at x = ( 2, at x = 0, and at x = 2. Both f(x) and df/dx are continuous for (3 x (2, (2 x (0, 0 x 2, and 2 x 3. An example of a function that is not piecewise smooth on the interval [(1, 1] is given by f(x) = x1/3 In fact this function is not piecewise smooth on any interval that includes x = 0 since df/dx = 1/3x-2/3 is ( at x = 0. The Fourier coefficients a0, a1, a2, (, b1, b2, ( for Eqs (2.2-1a) and (2.2-1b) are given by a0 = an = bn = 2.3 Fourier series of even and odd functions. Geometric symmetry can be used to simplify the calculation of Fourier coefficients. An even function is symmetrical with respect to the y-axis while an odd function is symmetrical with respect to the origin. Figure 2.2-2. An even (cos