DistributedGeneration.pptVIP

* Distributed Generation and Power Quality * Distributed Generation Distributed generation (DG) or distributed generation resources (DR) Backup generation to improve reliability Economics and/or diversity of fuel sources Perhaps can relieve TD system overloads in short term, especially if load growth is uncertain - Effect the power quality * Interconnection Large units 10 MW and up set up as a small power plant connected to transmission network may be steam cycle or combined cycle may include co-generation Medium units 1-10 MW may connect to distribution or subtransmission line may be combustion turbine * Interconnection (cont’d) Small units (below 1 MW) connect to distribution may be reciprocating engine (diesel or natural gas) or microturbine Unconventional generation includes fuel cells, solar photovoltaic, wind turbines need to be considered separately * Fuel Cells Electrochemical cells (not a heat engine) Net reaction: 2H2 + O2 ? 2H2O PEM (proton exchange membrane) cell: A K A = anode (negative) K = cathode (positive) PEM = proton exchange membrane H2 O2 2H2O 4e- 4e- * Fuel Cells Net reaction: 2H2 + O2 ? 2H2O PEM (proton exchange membrane) cell Anode: 2H2 ? 4H++4e- Cathode: O2+ 4H++ 4e- ? 2H2O A K H2 O2 2H2O 4e- 4e- 4H+ Catalyst 4e- 4e- I 0.7 V * Fuel cells Diagrams are oversimplified to illustrate the basic idea In practice, stacks of cells must be used for power level generation Stacks produce DC which is fed to a power electronic inverter Vdc a b c * Vdc a b c IGBT or power transistor, e.g. Flyback or free-wheel diode Passive filter * Photovoltaic Stacks of solar photovoltaic cells produce DC which is fed to a power electronic inverter, just as with fuel cells. Vdc a b c Issue is high installed cost, but breakthrough may be possible * Wind turbines Each turbine may be ~ 1 MW with multiple turbines in a “wind farm” Small farm ~ 5 MW connected to distribution or subtransmission Large farm ~100 MW connected to transmission Issues are voltage regulation and