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british manual workers from producers to consumers, c.
U N I V E R S I T Y O F O X F O R D
Discussion Papers in
Economic and Social History
Number 74, December 2008
British Manual Workers:
From Producers to Consumers, c. 1950–2000
Avner Offer
BRITISH MANUAL WORKERS:
FROM PRODUCERS TO CONSUMERS, C.1950–2000
Avner Offer
All Souls College, Oxford
Forthcoming in Contemporary British History,
vol. 22, 4 (2008), pp. 538–571
Abstract
A large majority of the labour force were manual workers in 1960. As voters, they
had electoral power to pursue collective goods. As producers they were able to disrupt
production. The majority left school with no qualifications. Their human capital con-
sisted of skills specific to particular production processes. These became obsolete
with de-industrialization, and with the large rise in secondary and higher education.
Educated workers relied more on individual bargaining power, and less on collective
goods. Casting workers as consumers rather than citizens or producers punished those
with low purchasing power, it de-legitimized producer collective action and justified
low wages. Poverty increased and relative wages fell. Rising productivity was partly
offset by rising house prices and longer household working hours. Council-house
sales enfranchised a minority and penalized the rest. The majority continued to iden-
tify as working class, but their culture was discredited by market liberalism and con-
sumerism.
Keywords: manual labour, human capital, skills,
consumerism, housing, market liberalism
A proletarian mod
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