lecture市场福利分析概述.ppt

Consumers, Producers and the Efficiency of Markets Revisiting the Market Equilibrium Do the equilibrium price and quantity maximize the total welfare of buyers and sellers? Market equilibrium reflects the way markets allocate scarce resources. Whether the market allocation is desirable can be addressed by welfare economics. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 回顾市场均衡 市场均衡价格和数量能否使买者和卖者的总利益最大化？ 市场均衡反映了市场配置稀缺资源的方式。 市场配置资源是否合意可以根据福利经济学理论判定。 Consumers, Producers and the Efficiency of Markets Welfare Economics Welfare economics is the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Buyers and sellers receive benefits from taking part in the market. The equilibrium in a market maximizes the total welfare of buyers and sellers. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 福利经济学 福利经济学研究资源配置如何影响经济福利 。 买者和卖者可以从参与市场活动中获得利益。 市场均衡可以使买者和卖者的总利益最大化。 Consumers, Producers and the Efficiency of Markets Welfare Economics Equilibrium in the market results in maximum benefits, and therefore maximum total welfare for both the consumers and the producers of the product. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 福利经济学 市场均衡使利益最大化，即使产品的消费者和生产者的总利益最大化。 Consumers, Producers and the Efficiency of Markets Welfare Economics Consumer surplus measures economic welfare from the buyer’s side. Producer surplus measures economic welfare from the seller’s side. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 福利经济学 消费者剩余从消费者角度衡量经济福利。 生产者剩余从生产者角度衡量经济福利。 CONSUMER SURPLUS Willingness to pay is the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good. It measures how much the buyer values the good or service. Consumer surplus is the buyer’s willingness to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it. 消费者剩余 支付意愿——买者为某种物品愿意和能够支付的最高价格。 它衡量买者对物品的评价是多少。 消费者剩余 ——买者支付意愿减去买者的实际支付量。 Table 1: Four Possible Buyers’ Willingness to Pay 表1. 四个可能买者的支付意愿 Using the Demand Curve to Measure Consumer Surplus The market demand curve depicts the various quantities that buyers would be willing and able to purchase at different prices. 用需求曲线衡量消费者剩余 市场需求曲线表示在不同价格水平下买者愿意和能够购买的数量。 The Demand Schedule and the D