国民收入源自何处,去向何方.pptVIP

* I = I(r) 投资支出 depends on 实际利率 The quantity of investment depends on the real interest rate, which measures the cost of the funds used to finance investment. When studying the role of interest rates in the economy, economists distinguish between the nominal interest rate and the real interest rate, which is especially relevant when the overall level of prices is changing. The nominal interest rate is the interest rate as usually reported; it is the rate of interest that investors pay to borrow money. The real interest rate is the nominal interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation. * 实际 利率, r 投资量, I 投资函数, I(r) The investment function relates the quantity of investment I to the real interest rate r. Investment depends on the real interest rate because the interest rate is the cost of borrowing. The investment function slopes downward; when the interest rate rises, fewer investment projects are profitable. * 我们假定政府购买和税收给定. 如果政府购买等于税收减转移支付, 那么， G = T, 政府有平衡的预算 ，如果 G T, 政府有预算赤字 . 如果 G T, 政府有预算盈余。 G = G T = T * The following equations summarize the discussion of the demand for goods and services: 1) Y = C + I + G 经济中产出的需求 2) C = C(Y - T) 消费函数 3) I = I(r) 投资函数 4) G = G 政府购买 5) T = T 税收 经济中产出的需求来自需求、投资和政府购买。消费取决于可支 配收入；投资取决于实际利率；而政府购买和税收是由财政决策 者决定的外生变量。 * To this analysis, let’s add what we’ve learned about the supply of goods and services earlier in the module. There we saw that the factors of production and the production function determine the quantity of output supplied to the economy: Y = F (K, L) = Y Now, let’s combine these equations describing supply and demand for output Y. Substituting all of our equations into the national income accounts identity, we obtain: Y = C(Y - T) + I(r) + G and then, setting supply equal to demand, we obtain an equilibrium condition: Y = C(Y - T) + I(r) + G This equation states that the supply of output equals its demand, which is the sum of consumption, investment, and government purchase