基因工程应用教程分析.ppt

Bt植物 苏云金杆菌被用于产生转基因植物，这些转基因植物被称做Bt植物。 该细菌可以产生有毒晶体，鳞翅目害虫吃下这种毒素后可以被杀死。 苏云金杆菌本身就被用做一种杀虫剂直接喷洒于作物上。 Bacillus thuringiensis produces toxic crystals that kill caterpillar pests when they ingest the toxin. The bacterium itself has been used as an insecticide, sprayed directly onto crops. 毒素蛋白基因已经被分离出来，并被导入玉米、棉花、大豆和马铃薯等植物。 1996年第一个Bt作物被种植。 到2000年，美国种植的大豆超过半数为Bt工程植物。孟山都公司在开发Bt作物方面十分活跃。 By 2000 over half of the soybean crop in the USA was planted with Bt-engineered plants, although there have been some problems with pests developing resistance to the Bt toxin. Monsanto have been active in developing Bt crops. 由种植Bt玉米引起的强烈关注是对非目标物种的潜在风险。 1999年，Nature杂志的一个报道指出广泛分布于北美的一种橙褐色大蝴蝶的幼虫暴露到Bt玉米花粉中时受到伤害。 In 1999 a report in Nature suggested that larvae of the Monarch butterfly, widely distributed in North America, could be harmed by exposure to Bt corn pollen。 尽管同意释放Bt玉米的管理部门已经考察了这种可能性并且认为没有太大的风险。 但是争论还在继续。说明如果要使遗传修饰的作物得到公众的全面认可，在这个问题上还需要进行更长时间的研究。 even though the regulatory process involved in approving the Bt corn has examined this possibility and found no significant risk. This example illustrates the need for more extensive research in this area, if genetically modified crops are to gain full public acceptance. Flavr Savr (sic) 番茄 番茄通常在绿色的时候就要采摘，以避免装船和运输过程中的损伤； 然后利用乙烯气体进行人工催熟。乙烯是成熟过程的关键性引发因素。 Tomatoes are usually picked green, so that they are able to withstand shipping and transportation without bruising. They are then repened artificially by using ethylene gas, as ethylene is a key trigger for the repening process. 有两种途径被尝试用于延缓自然发生的成熟过程： 控制乙烯的产生，延迟正常成熟机制的启动； 利用先进的基因技术延缓自然发生的成熟过程。 In trying to delay natural ripening, two approaches have been used. One is to target the production of ethylene itself, thus delaying the onset of the normal ripening mechanism. A second approach illustrates how a novel idea, utilizing advanced gene technology . Calgene生物技术公司通过反义技术开发出Flavr Savr番茄。 在该方法中，一个基因被以相反的方向插入植物基因组，所以在转录时会产生与正常mRNA互补的mRNA分子。 反义mRNA将与细胞中的正常mRNA结合，抑制其翻译，从而有效地关闭