近代光学18-Nov21st讲义.ppt

* * * * P275）3，4 * * * * To understand how one calculates the optical properties of an anisotropic material exhibiting the electro-optical effect we have to take a closer look at the theory. This will be my last excursion into theory for today so lean back and enjoy. The formulas I just presented you [9] for the electric impermeability ? were, of course, only for one fixed direction. The first step towards any serious theory is increasing the number of indices, so that is exactly what I will do now. I have mentioned before that ? is a tensor, and of course we need to look at every entry of the tensor for proper treatment of the situation. When a steady electric field is applied to a crystal, elements of the tensor ? are altered, so that each of the elements ?ij becomes a function of the three field components which we can expand in a Taylor series about E=0 [10]. Now we face 33=27 Pockels-coefficents and 34=81 Kerr-coefficents. Luckily this numbers can be reduced by looking at the symmetry of the electric impermeability tensor (?ij= ?ji) and regarding the invariance to order of differentiation which leads to 6x3 Pockels-coefficents and 6x6 Kerr-coefficents. The number of independent coefficent further reduces when bringing the crystal symmetry into the game. Using a renaming scheme for the indices we can reduce the numer of indices to two again, this is explained in Saleh, Teich Fundamentals of Photonics and as we are not going to perform a calculation Im not going to elaborate on that further, I just mentioned it so you are not confused when we face coefficents with only two indices later on. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 可以算出,腔内在?～?+d?频率范围内,本征模数为 瑞利根据热力学中能量均分定理, 认为每一本征振动的动能和势能各占KT/2.因此在?～?+d?频率范围内的能量为 Planck’s quantum theory 式中??????为黑体腔内的能量密度，K 为玻耳兹曼常数．可以证明 因此有 证明 　　上式为瑞利-金斯公式.它在波长相当长时,才与实验曲线相符,随着波长的减小辐射能量无限大. 这就是物理学发展史上所谓的紫外灾难． 曲线 Planck’s quantum theory (2) 普朗克能量子假说 　　普朗克假说: 黑体是由带电的线性谐振子所组成,这些谐振子能量不能连续变化,只能取一些分立的值,这些分立值的是最小能