参考译文第8课.docVIP

Lesson Eight Animal Development Production of Sperm and Eggs In sexually reproducing organisms males and females produce sex cells, known as gametes. These are swimming sperm in males and ova (eggs) in females. 在性繁殖过程中，生物的雄性和雌性产生性细胞，称配子。雄性是能够游动的精子，雌性是卵子。 The process of sperm production, spermatogenesis, takes place in testes. The sperm originate in gonial cells (spermatogonia) in the walls of seminiferous tubules. Spermatocytes produced by mitosis in spermatogonia divide meiotically to generate haploid spermatids. The mature sperm has a tail, a nucleus containing haploid chromosomes, and a front end with an acrosome, the storage site for enzymes that will aid fertilization. 精子产生过程，即精子发生在睾丸中。精子产生于输精管壁的性母细胞（精原细胞）。精原细胞经有丝分裂再减数分裂产生单倍体精子细胞，即精母细胞。成熟精子有尾部，单倍体染色体组，头部有顶体，内部储存酶类，有助于受精。 Ova, which are produced during oogenesis, are generated in gonial cells (oogonia) of the females ovaries. Oocytes then enter a stage of arrest in early meiosis. At a species-specific later point, a final ripening (ovulation) and the first meiotic division occur. A second meiotic division, followed by development of the embryo, takes place if the egg is fertilized. 在卵子发生过程中，由卵巢中的性母细胞产生。卵母细胞进入减数分裂的抑制阶段。第一次减数分裂产生一个成熟卵。如果卵受精，那么第二次减数分裂伴随胚胎的发育。 Eggs vary greatly in size from species to species and have complex structures. Virtually all developing animal ova are surrounded by helper cells, either follicle cells or nurse cells. Depending on the species, eggs also store varying amounts of yolk, a reservoir of nutrients produced by digestive-gland cells in the mothers body. Finally, follicle cells or cells of the maternal oviduct provide protective coatings for the egg, including albumen (egg white) and various types of outer membranes and shells. 品种间卵的大小变化很大，并且有复杂的结构。实际上，所有发育过程中的卵都辅助细胞环绕，要么是滤泡细胞，要么是抚育细胞。依赖物种的不同而不同，卵黄贮备也不同，即由母体消化腺细胞产生的营养储备。最后，滤泡或母体输卵管细胞产生保护性的卵膜，包括清蛋白和各种外部膜及壳。 Frog oocytes have served as model systems for studies of oocyte development. During maturation they produce huge number