国际贸易（英文课件）chap007ANALYSISOFATARIFF.PPT

CHAPTER 7 ANALYSIS OF A TARIFF The concept of tariff A tariff is a tax on importing a good service into a country, usually collected by customs officials at the place of entry. Tariffs come in two main types: A specific tariff is stipulated as a money amount per physical unit of import. An ad valorem (on the value) tariff is a percentage of the estimated market value of the goods when they reach the importing country. The effect of a tariff on producers The effects of a tariff on domestic producers Domestic producers gain when the government imposes a tariff on competing imports. They get a higher price for their products, they produce and sell a larger quantity, and they receive more producer surplus. The effect of a tariff on consumers The effects of a tariff on domestic consumers Domestic consumers must pay a higher price (for both imported and domestically produced products), they reduce the quantity that they buy and consume, and they suffer a loss of consumer surplus. The tariff as government revenue The government also collects tariff revenue, equal to the tariff rate per unit imported times the quantity that is imported with the tariff in place. The net national loss from a tariff The net national loss from a tariff Area d sometimes called the consumption effect of the tariff. The consumption effect of the tariff is the loss of consumer surplus for those consumers who are squeezed out of the market because the tariff “artificially” raises the domestic price, even though foreigners remain willing to sell products to the importing country at the lower world price. Area d is a deadweight loss. The net national loss from a tariff Area b is called the production effect of the tariff. The production effect of the tariff is the loss from using high-cost domestic production to replace lower-cost imports. Area b is also a deadweight loss. Thus, the gains from trade lost by the tariff come in two forms: the consumption effect of area d plus the production effect