chapter4physicaldevelopementininfancy重点分析.ppt

Chapter 4Physical Development in Infancy BODY GROWTH Changes in Body Size and Muscle Fat (0 to 2 years) Physical growth is rapid over the first 2 years. Length increases 50 percent by first year, 75 percent by second. Weight doubles at 5 months, triples by first year, and quadruples by the second. Early rise in baby fat until 9 months Helps keep a constant body temperature Principle of hierarchical integration : the principle that simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills. 等级整合原则：简单技能一般是单独发展的。但后来这些简单的技能被整合成更加复杂的技能。 Principle of the independence of systems :the principle that different body systems grow at different rates.（P121：Figure 4-3） 系统独立性原则：不同的身体系统以不同的速率发展。 The Nervous System and Brain  Neurons 神经元 新生儿脑重为成人的1/4、6个月为成人的1/2、2岁为成人的3/4、3岁接近成人 100 to 200 billion neurons Synapses (突触) Tiny gaps between neurons Neurons release chemicals that send messages Synaptic pruning （突触修剪） Unused neurons die off. Myelinization （髓鞘化） Neural fibers are coated with fatty insulation. Brain plasticity The degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience, is relatively great for the brain. 大脑的可塑性：发展中的结构或行为随着经验改变的可修改程度，对于大脑而言相当重要。 Experiments： 有研究比较了两组白鼠，一组饲养在具有丰富视觉刺激的环境里，另一组则饲养在典型的、较乏味的笼子里。研究结果表明，丰富环境中的白鼠的视觉皮层相对更厚。 在另一项研究中，实验者给一些幼猫带上使视觉受限的遮光镜，使它们只能看到直线。当它们长大后，即使拿掉遮光镜，它们也看不到水平线。 Sensitive Periods of Development Stimulation is vital during growth spurts, which occur from infancy to early adulthood. 敏感期是一段特殊的，但有一定时间限制的时期，通常是在有机体生命的早期。在敏感期阶段，有机体与发展有关的一些特殊方面特别容易受到环境的影响。 Understimulation impairs development. MOTOR DEVELOPMENT The basic reflexes Reflexes are the unlearned, organized, voluntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli 这些反射是受到某种刺激后自动发生的、天生的反应。新生儿出生时就具有一系列的反射行为模式来帮助他们适应新的环境，并以此保护自己。 P130:Table4-3 Reflexes form the foundation for future, more complex behavior. 有研究者让两周大的婴儿在六周的时间内，每天练习走路4次，每次3分钟。结果表明，经过走路训练的婴儿会比未受过此种训练的婴儿早好几