TopicChemicalsofLife教程.ppt

α-amino acids 甘氨酸 丙氨酸 Polypeptides (多肽), Protein Once two amino acids are joined together via a peptide bond to form a dipeptide, there is still a free amino group at one end and a free carboxyl group at the other, each of which can in turn be linked to further amino acids. Polypeptides (多肽), Protein amino acids can be linked together by peptide bonds to form oligopeptides (up to 25 amino acid residues) and polypeptides ( 25 residues). The polypeptide chain folds up to form a specific shape (conformation构象) in the protein. Amino Acids May Have Positive, Negative,or Zero Net Charge pI: pH value at which the molecule of amino acids or protein contains an equal number of positive charges to negative ones. isoelectricpoint COOH: carboxy group Amino Acid Sequence determines Primary Structure Orientation of the main chain atoms of a peptide about the axis of an α helix. Secondary structure The Alpha Helix The Beta Sheet Loops Bends Tertiary Quaternary Structure The term “tertiary structure” refers to the entire three dimensional conformation of a polypeptide. It indicates, in three-dimensional space, how secondary structural features—helices, sheets, bends, turns, and loops— assemble to form domains and how these domains relate spatially to one another. A domain is a section of protein structure sufficient to perform a particular chemical or physical task such as binding of a substrate Example of tertiary structure of the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase. Note the elegant and symmetrical arrangement of alternating β sheets and α helices. Two-domain structure of an enzyme. As indicated by the numbered residues, the single polypeptide begins in the large domain, enters the small domain, and ends in the large domain. Repetive or non-repetive * Maltose 麦芽糖 * 没有人能够以具备成本优势的工业方法生产纤维素生物燃料。现在，几乎所有在美国生产的乙醇都来自玉米淀粉。其过程是将淀粉分解成糖，然后再通过工业手段把这些糖发酵变成乙醇。要想从更加便宜的原料中生产乙醇，就需要一种可以使糖分子自由形成纤维素晶体链的有效方式。这是“实现大规模、商业化生产纤维素生物燃料时最为昂贵的制约环节”，阿诺德说。 * * At Its Isoelectric