EcologicalEffectAssessmentofExploitationinMarineandCoastalAreareview(Julia).docVIP

An Overview on Ecological Effect Assessment of Exploitation in Marine and Coastal Area By Zimiao Zhao (Julia) Student ID 22620071152395 1 Introduction With a tremendously diverse range of human activities impact marine and coastal areas, one of the most significant challenges facing the responsible for the management of coastal systems is to achieve a more precise understanding of the nature and location of human interactions with coastal environmental dynamics (Depledge and Hopkin, 1995). This means that developing assessing systems determining the anthropogenic forces of change in marine and coastal areas, and a working understanding of how those changes affect ecosystem are needed. Ecological effect assessment (EEA in short) is based on identifying the ecological effect facing human activities and environment change, analyzing the impact of the changes, and providing evidence for environmental management and environmental policy. Thus, EEA is of vital importance to identify and solve the problems in marine and coastal areas. 2 Marine and Coastal Area Exploitation 2.1 Definitions of Coastal Area From U.S. Commission on Marine Science, Engineering, and Resources (1969), the definition of coastal area is that the part of the land affected by its proximity to the sea, and that part of the sea affected by its proximity to the land as the extent to which mans land-based activities have a measurable influence on water chemistry and marine ecology. As noted by L. F. Scura and colleagues, the coastal area represents the interface between the land and the sea, but concern and interest are concentrated on that area in which human activities are interlinked with both the land and the marine environments (Scura et al. 1992). The coastal zone has the following characteristics (Scura et al. 1992): * Contains habitats and ecosystems (such as estuaries, coral reefs, sea grass beds) that provide goods (e.g., fish, oil, minerals) and services (e.g., natural protection from storm