应用spss进行对数转换.pptVIP

Social Work Statistics Computing Transformations Transforming variables Transformations for normality Transformations for linearity Transformations:Transforming variables to satisfy assumptions When a metric variable fails to satisfy the assumption of normality, homogeneity of variance, or linearity, we may be able to correct the deficiency by using a transformation. We will consider three transformations for normality, homogeneity of variance, and linearity: the logarithmic transformation the square root transformation, and the inverse transformation plus a fourth that may be useful for problems of linearity: the square transformation Transformations change the measurement scale Transformations:Computing transformations in SPSS In SPSS, transformations are obtained by computing a new variable. SPSS functions are available for the logarithmic (LG10) and square root (SQRT) transformations. The inverse transformation uses a formula which divides one by the original value for each case. For each of these calculations, there may be data values which are not mathematically permissible. For example, the log of zero is not defined mathematically, division by zero is not permitted, and the square root of a negative number results in an “imaginary” value. We will usually adjust the values passed to the function to make certain that these illegal operations do not occur. Transformations:Two forms for computing transformations There are two forms for each of the transformations to induce normality, depending on whether the distribution is skewed negatively to the left or skewed positively to the right. Both forms use the same SPSS functions and formula to calculate the transformations. The two forms differ in the value or argument passed to the functions and formula. The argument to the functions is an adjustment to the original value of the variable to make certain that all of the calculations are mathematically correct. Transformations:Functions and formul