能源与环境5-2015.04.02资料.pptVIP

2.3 Petroleum and Its Environmental Impacts 1. Formation Accumulation and preservation of plankton as an organic-rich mud. Buried by many overlying layers and heated by burial Conversion of organic matter to oil takes millions of years . 浮游生物 粘土 shale 页岩 kerogen 油原 hydrocarbons organic molecules composed of chains of hydrogen H and carbon C Most of the hydrocarbon molecules are saturated An appreciable fraction, around 10%, are aromatic Small quantities of other nonmetal elements sulfur up to 10% oxygen up to 5% nitrogen up to 1% Several metallic elements V, Ni, Fe, Al, Na, Ca, Cu, and U are present in traces 2. Composition saturate 使饱和 appreciable 可观的 aromatic 芳香族的 trace 微量；痕量 3. Refining The hydrocarbon molecules range widely in size and are separated in refiners on the basis of their boiling points Separation and isolation of different compounds Refining distillation: dividing petroleum into its various fractions thermal cracking: transforming petroleum chemically, breaking a larger hydrocarbon down to two smaller hydrocarbons. alkylation: building up a mid-sized molecule from two smaller ones 蒸馏 热裂化 烷化 An oil refining system 过热蒸汽 lubricating oil 润滑油 gasoline petrol 汽油 kerosene 煤油 gas oil diesel 柴油 naphtha 石脑油 Naphtha 汽油 50-200℃ ：90#、93#、95#、97#、 70# 辛烷值----异辛烷 100 +正庚烷 0 航煤 145-230 ℃ ：1#、2#、3#、4#. 结晶点等 煤油 180-310 ℃ ：灯用级、信号灯级、拖拉机级 柴油 260-350 ℃ ：10、0、-10、-20、-35、-50. 凝点 润滑油 350-520 ℃ ：汽机油、柴机油、机械油、工艺油 重油 ≧520 ℃ ：锅炉级 船用级 石蜡：45、50、52、……、60 熔点 地蜡：67、75、80 滴点 沥青：道路、建筑、橡胶、油柒 针入度 Crude oil products and grades Octane Number（辛烷值） 概念：指汽油在内燃机中燃烧时抗爆震性能的指标。 与汽油的组分有关。辛烷值越大，抗爆震性能越好。 规定：异辛烷的辛烷值为100，正庚烷为0，两者按照不同比例混合制成标准燃料油。 提高汽油辛烷值的方法： Ⅰ、添加四乙酸铅；【有毒，无铅汽油替代】 Ⅱ、催化裂化、催化重整方法得到的芳烃、环烷烃、异构烷烃调整汽油；【最好方法】 Ⅲ、添加高辛烷值组分，如甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）、异构化汽油等。【MTBE，致癌作用】 市售汽油的号数即为辛烷值 Cracking （裂化） Cracking breaks large chains into smaller chains. Catalyst 催化剂 Alkylation （烷化） In alkylation, the structures of molecules in one fraction are rearranged to produce another. Alkylate pet