大学物理西尔斯详解.ppt

Introduction：;3) electron In 1897，J.J. Thomson discovered electron, leading people to the microworld. What;atom;1) Atomic Spectra ：;Experiments show that the emission spectrum is corresponding to absorption spectrum： Different atoms have different spectra which are the characteristic to identify the atoms.;Feature of the atom spectra: line spectra; Balmer series;1890:;Brackett series : near-infrared;2. Rules of Atomic Spectra;Ritz combination principle：;3. Energy levels :;;3) Lifetime: ;玻尔（Niels henrik David Bohr，1885-1962） ;The positive charges and the mass of the atom distribute uniformly in a sphere with the radius 10-10 m, and the electrons are immersed in the sphere.; It cannot explain why the positive and negtive charges do not neutralize; It cannot explain the presence of series of the hydrogen spectrum； It cannot explain the large-angle scattering of α-particles.; Scattering of α-particle:;2) the nuclear atom ;According to classical physics, the electron with an acceleration should radiate electromagnetic waves. The frequency of the electromagnetic waves should equal the frequency of revolution. The energy of the electron should decrease continuously and it should emit a continuous spectrum. Its orbit should become smaller and smaller and it should spiral rapidly into the nucleus.;卢瑟福（E. Rutherford，1871-1937）