上海交通大学病毒学第二次课.pptVIP

第七章 病 毒 学 ;一、病毒的发现和研究历史;;1. EARLY STUDIES OF VIRAL PATHOGENESIS;2. THE CLASSIC ERA;3. THE ERA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY;Tracking the spread of a neurotropic virus from the periphery to the central nervous system in an intact animal. Mice were infected by subcutaneous injection in the right footpad with a Sindbis virus that had been engineered to express, in addition to viral genes, luciferase under an internal promoter. Images A–D respectively, were taken at 8 hours and 1, 3 and 4 days after infection. They show that the virus used two pathways to the central nervous system, either up peripheral nerves to the spinal cord or via blood to the olfactory bulb and thence to the brain.;The response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in monkeys infected with variola virus (smallpox). Even at this low resolution, it is clear that certain groups of genes are upregulated while others are downregulated. A total of 2387 elements displayed 3-fold change in mRNA expression. The data for these 2387 clones were hierarchically clustered. Data from individual elements or genes are represented as a single row and different time points are shown as columns. Red and green denote expression levels greater or less, respectively, than baseline values. Successive samples in the time course are displayed as consecutive columns. Animals are arranged from left to right based on their survival time. The seven left-hand columns represent one set of animals, and the right-hand four columns a second set of animals;二、病毒的特点和定义;第一节 概述;第一节 概述;第一节 概述;Viruses (Encyclopedia Britannica);三、病毒的宿主范围;Adenovirus;四 病毒的分类与命名;;病毒的分类 2011年 第九次分类报告（2012年出版）;脊椎动物病毒31个科;无脊椎动物病毒7个科与兽医学相关;肌尾噬菌体科;藻类;五、病毒的培养和纯化;四、病毒的培养和纯化;四、病毒的培养和纯化;Virus-induced pocks on the horioallantoic membrane of a chick embryo;Routes of Inoculation ;;各种病毒在鸡胚内的繁殖与接种途径 ;Growing Viruses in cell ;原代细胞;Primary cell cultures（原代细胞培养）;Cell Culture?;Productionby roller bottle ;Microcarriers;Toxaphene;细胞反应器 ;“wave bag” to shake up cells;四、病毒的培