第8章国际贸易壁垒关税.pptVIP

Part 2;Chapter 8 Trade Restrictions：Tariffs （贸易壁垒：关税）;8.1 introduction;关税的种类;关税的征收方式;8.2A partial equilibrium effects of a tariff 关税的局部均衡效应（small nation）;a;Consumer surplus：消费者购买一定数量的产品愿意支付的价格与实际支付的价格之间的差额； Producer surplus： 企业销售一定数量的商品愿意接受的价格与实际得到的价格之间的差额。;1. Tariff leads to a reduction in consumer surplus (shaded area AGHB) : from ARB to GRH;征收关税前，生产者剩余 为三角形 0AC;P;S;总结： 小国征收关税，对生产者有利，损害消费者的利益， 整个国家存在净福利损失 b+d 其中 b：生产净损失：多余的生产消耗 d：消费净损失：获取消费者剩余机会的丧失。;习题： 用局部均衡法作图分析，一小国取消关税后，其国内生产、消费、贸易量、生产者剩余、消费者剩余、政府收益及国民福利的变化，用字母表示。;8.3 the theory of tariff structure 关税结构理论 ;8.3A the rate of effective protection 有效保护率; nominal tariff rate is important to consumers, it indicates how much the price of the final commodity increases as a result of the tariff. effective tariff rate is important to producers, it indicates how much protection is actually provided to the domestic processing of the import-competing commodity. ;Measurement of the rate of effective protection有效保护率的测度;the calculating formula of the rate of effective protection有效保护率的计算公式;If ai=0，g=t； For given values of ai and ti， g is larger the greater is the value of t； For given values of t and ti， g is larger the greater is the value of ai ； The value of g exceeds, is equal to, or is smaller than t, as ti is smaller than, equal to, or larger than t； When aiti exceeds t, g is negative.;如果 ai=0，则g=t； 对给定的ai和ti值，t越大，则g越大； 对给定的t和ti，ai的值越大，则g越大； 当ti小于、等于或大于t时，则g值大于、等于或小于t； 若 aitit,则g0;8.4 General equilibrium analysis of a tariff in a small country;8.4B illustration of the effects of a tariff in a small country 小国关税效应分析;8.4B illustration of the effects of a tariff in a small country 小国关税效应分析;8.6 the optimum tariff 最优关税;partial equilibrium effects of a tariff in a large country; the optimum tariff ( t*) Large nation: when Max e-(b+d), t=t* Small nation: t*=0