中英文文献翻译预应变和前角在铜加工中的影响.docVIP

3.1.2 Effects of pre-strain and rake angle in machining copper In the previous section, the machining of annealed metals by a 6° rake angle tool was considered. Both pre-strain and an increased rake angle result in reduced specific cutting forces and reduced cutting temperatures, but have little effect on the stressses on the tool. These generalizations may be illustrated by the cutting of copper, a metal sufficiently soft (as also is aluminium) to allow machining by tools of rake angle up to around 40°. Figure 3.6 shows examples of specific forces and shear plane angles measured in turning annealed and heavily cold-worked copper at feeds in the range 0.15 to 0.2 mm, with high speed steel tools of rake angle from 6° to 35°. Specific forces vary over a sixfold range at the lowest cutting speed, with shear plane angles from 8° to 32°. The left panel of Figure 3.7 shows that the estimated tool contact stresses change little with rake angle, although they are clearly larger for the annealed than the pre-strained material. The right-hand panel shows that the temperature rises are halved on changing from a 6° to 35° rake angle tool. These observations, that tool stresses are determined bythe material being cut and do not vary much with the cutting conditions, while temperatures depend strongly on both the material being cut and the cutting conditions, is a continuing theme that will be developed for metal alloys in the following sections. 3.1.3 Machining copper and aluminium alloys It is often found that alloys of metals machine with larger shear plane angles and hence lower specific forces than the elemental metals themselves. Sometimes a strong reason is a lower value of the strain hardening parameter Dk/kmax, at other times the chip/tool friction (as indicated by the friction coefficient) is less; and at others again it is not at all obvious why this should be so. But even when the specific forces are lower, the tool contact stress can be higher. In this section, ex