AskelandPhuleNotes-8. Failure.pptVIP

The Science and Engineering of Materials, 4th edDonald R. Askeland – Pradeep P. Phulé Chapter 8 – Principles of Solidification Objectives of Chapter 8 Study the principles of solidification as they apply to pure metals. Examine the mechanisms by which solidification occurs. Examine how techniques such as welding, brazing, and soldering are used for joining metals. Chapter Outline 8.1 Technological Significance 8.2 Nucleation 8.3 Applications of Controlled Nucleation 8.4 Growth Mechanisms 8.5 Solidification Time and Dendrite Size 8.6 Cooling Curves 8.7 Cast Structure 8.8 Solidification Defects Chapter Outline (Continued) 8.9 Casting Processes for Manufacturing Components 8.10 Continuous Casting and Ingot Casting 8.11 Directional Solidification (DS), Single Crystal Growth, and Epitaxial Growth 8.12 Solidification of Polymers and Inorganic Glasses 8.13 Joining of Metallic Materials Primary processing - Processes involving casting of molten metals into ingots or semi-finished useful shapes such as slabs. Secondary processing - Processes such as rolling, extrusion, etc.used to process ingots or slabs and other semi-finished shapes. Nucleation - The physical process by which a new phase is produced in a material. Critical radius (r*) - The minimum size that must be formed by atoms clustering together in the liquid before the solid particle is stable and begins to grow. Undercooling - The temperature to which the liquid metal must cool below the equilibrium freezing temperature before nucleation occurs. Homogeneous nucleation - Formation of a critically sized solid from the liquid by the clustering together of a large number of atoms at a high undercooling (without an external interface). Heterogeneous nucleation - Formation of a critically sized solid from the liquid on an impurity surface. Example 8.5 SOLUTION Since the length is 12 in.and the width is 8 in.: Thickness of an aluminum alloy casting Recalescence - The increa