ch4-2 材料学.pptVIP

Chapter 4. Mechanical Properties of Metals --- 2nd part New words re-arrangement 重新排列 Primarily 基本的 permanent strain 永久应变 Deviate 偏离 resistance 抗力、阻力 low-carbon steel 低碳钢 upper yield point 上屈服点 lower yield point 下屈服点 Stress-Strain Behavior: Plastic deformation Plastic deformation: ? stress and strain are not proportional ? the deformation is not reversible ? deformation occurs by breaking and re-arrangement of atomic bonds (in crystalline materials primarily by motion of dislocations) Tensile properties: Yielding Tensile properties: Yielding For a low-carbon steel, the stress vs. strain curve includes both an upper and lower yield point. The yield strength is defined in this case as the average stress at the lower yield point. Tensile Strength For structural applications, the yield stress is usually a more important property than the tensile strength, since once the yield stress has passed, the structure has deformed beyond acceptable limits Tensile properties: Ductility Typical mechanical properties of metals The yield strength and tensile strength vary with prior thermal and mechanical treatment, impurity levels, etc. This variability is related to the behavior of dislocations in the material. But elastic moduli are relatively insensitive to these effects. The yield and tensile strengths and modulus of elasticity decrease with increasing temperature, ductility increases with temperature. Toughness Toughness = the ability to absorb energy up to fracture = the total area under the strain-stress curve up to fracture Units: the energy per unit volume, e.g. J/m3 Can be measured by an impact test. True Stress and Strain True stress = load divided by actual area in the necked-down region, continues to rise to the point of fracture, in contrast to the engineering stress. Elastic Recovery During Plastic Deformation If a material is deformed plastically and the stress is then released, the material ends up with a permanent strain. If the stress is reapplied, the mater