Topographic Surveying.docVIP

Topographic Surveying 地形测量 General The distinguishing feature of a topographic survey is the determination of the location, both in plan and elevation, of selected ground points which are necessary for plotting contour lines and the planimetric location of features on the topographic map. A topographic survey consists of (1) establishing over the area to be mapped a system of horizontal and vertical control, which consists of key stations connected by measurements of high precision; and (2) locating the details, including selected ground points, by measurements of lower precision from the control stations. 通常，地形测量就是反应地物地貌的特征，测定地物地貌的平面位置和高程，测定绘制等高线所必需的地面点，绘制到地形图上。地形测量包括(1)在目标地区建立由大地控制点为基础的高精度平面控制和高程控制系统；(2)以及碎部测量，通过选择并测定反映地物地貌的低精度碎部点组成。 Topographic surveys can be performed by aerial photogrammetric methods, by ground survey methods, or by some combination of these two procedures. Almost all of the small and intermediate scale as well as some large-scale topographic mapping is now performed by photogrammetric methods. This photogrammetric operation includes establishing portions of the horizontal control in addition to compilation of the topographic map. However, ground survey methods are still applicable for large-scale topographic mapping of small areas and for field completion surveys which are usually needed for photogrammetrically compiled topographic maps. The discussions in this lesson are directed primarily toward the various procedures for topographic surveys by ground survey methods. 地形测量可以通过使用航空摄影测量的方法，或者通过大地测量的方法，以及以上两种方式相结合的方法完成。几乎所有小区域和中型区域大比例尺的地形图测绘一样，现在采用摄影测量的形式完成。摄影测量包括建立联系一部分水平控制来完成地形的的测绘编辑工作。然而，大地测量的方法仍然适用于小区域的大地形图测量，野外检测通常也需要摄影测量来补充完善地形测量工作。本文中的内容是讨论关于用大地测量来完成地形测量工作所需要的各种程序和步骤。 Establishment of control The first requirement of any topographic survey is good control, whether the survey is done by ground or aerial methods. Control consists of two parts: (1) horizontal control, in which the planimetric positions of specified control points are locat