无机化学02完整版.pptVIP

下节课我们将一起详细的研究元素周期表 S=一个轨道两个电子 d=五个轨道十个电子 p=三个轨道六个电子 f=七个轨道十四个电子 如果你知道元素周期表中的元素，那你懂得了无机化学材料的所有吗？？？？ * 无机化学02 郝鹏，周福强，佘星欣，孙瑞婷，陈苏文 * Last time looked at the aurora and fireworks as sources of photon (‘particle’ of e-m radiation) and phonon (‘particle’ of thermal radiation): Aurora colors are emission lines (photons) from the oxygen atom and electron gain by N2+ion. Spectral emission lines for oxygen atom. Noted that these are ‘quantised’ (fixed units of energy). i.e. can only have certain values, as shown by the formula for the visible line (‘Balmerseries’) spectra of the hydrogen atom. RH is the Rydberg constant, it can be calculated from spectroscopic data or from quantum mechanics using fundamental constants. 能级（ev） 电离能（13.6ev） 光子：电磁辐射粒子 声子：热辐射粒子 极光的颜色是氧原子和从+2价N离子中得到的电子的发射普线。 氧原子的发射谱线 只有一些确定值，可以参看右图氢原子光谱的巴尔末线系 * 量子化得，固定的能量单元 Also saw the vibrational motions of water can be summed as simple harmonic oscillations and it is a specific set of these that result in absorption ~700nm: Looked at the heat capacity Cv: much higher Cv for liquid due more degrees of freedom: U=internal energy T=temperature S=entropy sand -hot Water-cool both receive same amount of radiant energy (sunlight) And that at room temperature, the heat capacity Cv for a solid (effectively a measure of phonon density) can be described by: However at lower temperatures saw that: 水分子的震动可以概括为简单谐波震动，这些特殊的设置导致吸收约700nm（波长的光线？） 热容 受相同辐射下沙子是热的，水是凉的液体的热容高是因为它们的自由度高， 温度是内能对熵的偏导数，在定体积下 室温下固体的热容公式： （对声子密度的有效测量） 但是在更低的温度下 * it is necessary to ‘quantise’ the energy levels and that the change from classical to quantum behavior occurs at the ‘Debye temperature’ (a value initially used to ‘fit the experimental curve’) . Saw that the Plank constant , h, was introduced to account for ‘black body’ curves: The ‘link’ between all the aforementioned are the de Broglie equations: giving rise to ‘wave particle duality’. λ= wavelength, p= momentum, f = frequency , E= energy, and h = Plank’s constant. 必须对能级进行量子化，在得拜温度（适合实验曲