I---introduction to civil engineering.pptVIP

Introduction to Civil Engineering Outline Definition of Civil Engineering Different Fields of Civil Engineering Discussion Definition American Society of Civil Engineering defines Civil Engineering as the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and physical sciences gained by study, experience and practice is applied with judgement to develop ways to utilize economically the materials and forces of nature for the progressive well-being of man. Scope of Different Fields of Civil Engineering (i) Surveying (ii) Building Materials (iii) Construction Technology (iv) Structural Engineering (v) Geotechnical Engineering (vi) Hydraulics (vii) Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering (viii) Transportation Engineering (ix) Environmental Engineering and (x) Town planning (i) Surveying Surveying is the science of map making. To start any development activity in an area the relative positions of various objects in the horizontal and vertical directions are required. (i) Surveying Earlier, the conventional instruments like chain, tape and levelling instruments were used. In this electronic era, modern equipments like distance meters and total stations are used to get more accurate results easily. The modern technologies like photogrammetry and remote sensing have made surveying easier. (ii) Building Materials Traditional building materials: stones, bricks, timber, lime, cement, sand and tiles(瓦片) Improved quality of buildings by steel, aluminium, glass, glazed tiles(瓷砖 ), plaster of paris(石膏板), paints（涂料） and varnishes（油漆）. (ii) Building Materials The mixture of cement, sand and crushed stones with water is known as concrete. The use of concrete with steel bars placed in appropriate position has helped in building strong and durable tall structures. The composite material of concrete and steel is called reinforced cement concrete which is popularly known as R. C C. (iii) Construction Technology Construction is the major activity of civil engineering which