第十四讲膜分离过程.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 14.3 Transport In MembranesPorous Membranes (10) For a gas, diffusion may occur by ordinary diffusion, as with a liquid, and/or in series with Knudsen diffusion when pore diameter is very small and/or total pressure is low. In the Knudsen flow regime, collisions occur primarily between gas molecules and the pore wall, rather than between gas molecules themselves. Thus, in the absence of a bulk flow effect, Eq.(14-14) is modified for gas flow: (14.18) where DKi is the Knudsen diffusivity. 14.3 Transport In MembranesPorous Membranes (11) From the kinetic theory of gases applied to a straight cylindrical pore, Knudsen diffusivity is (14.21*) where R is the gas constant and Mi the molecular weight. When Knudsen flow predominates, the permeability ratio for species A and B is (14.22) This permeability ratio usually is not large, so the separation of gases by microporous membranes at low to moderate pressures is almost always impractical. 14.3 Transport In MembranesNonporous Membranes (1) The transport of components through nonporous (dense) solid membranes is the predominant mechanism for reverse osmosis, gas permeation, and pervaporation. Gas or liquid components absorb into the membrane at the upstream face, diffuse through the solid membrane, and desorb at the downstream face. The solution-diffusion model is most often applied to analyze experimental permeability data and design membrane separators. This model is based on Ficks law for diffusion through solid nonporous membranes based on the driving force ci0 - ciL. 14.3 Transport In MembranesNonporous Membranes (2) Solution-Diffusion for Liquid Mixtures Figures below show typical solute concentration profiles for liquid mixtures with porous and nonporous membranes, respectively. 14.3 Transport In MembranesNonporous Membranes (3) In general, ci0 and ciL are considerably smaller than c’i0 and c’iL respectively, but they are related by the thermodynamic