边界单元法理论及程序设计3弹性边界元.pptVIP

Shape Functions for Quadrilateral Elements (b) 8-Noded Quadratic Elements For corner nodes (? = 1-4): For mid-side nodes (? = 5-8): Discretized Boundary Integral Equations Having discretized the boundary into Ne elements (and N nodes), the boundary integral equations can now be re-written using the shape functions, thus: where ?e signifies the area of the e-th element. For the time being, let us assume that the integrals have been computed with the result that: Thus, we obtain: where M is the number of element nodes. These equations can obviously be assembled into the more convenient form: After using boundary conditions, it gives where Evaluation of Boundary Integrals If source point p is located on the element, element sub-division technique is required for evaluating . Evaluation of Jacobian and outward normal n A standard result in differential geometry is that the Jacobian is equal to the magnitude of the vector cross-product of the vectors r? and r?, which are directed in the local tangent plane to the surface: Since , so that Using yields The vector cross product, by definition, yields a vector n* (that is, n* = r? ? r?) which is normal to the surface and so this operation also yields the components, or ‘direction cosines’, (n1, n2, n3) of the unit normal vector n (= n*/ |n*|). n* = r? ? r? Stress Integral Equations The basic displacement integral equations for internal point p can be written as The strains at point p are determined from the strain- displacement relationships as follows: where From Hooke’s law , we have in which Important Relationships Important Relationships (Cont.) Important Relationships (Cont.) Substituting the basic fundamental solutions into the above expressions yields for 2D for 3D Evaluation of Boundary Stresses (Traction-Recovery Method) Introducing a local Cartesian co-o