ch 5 multielectron atoms.pptVIP

Ch 5: Multielectron atoms Exclusion principle Periodical table LS coupling jj coupling Hund’s rules Two electron spectra (singlet and triplet) Some Words Shell subshell Pauli exclusion principle Electron configuration Fermions, Bosons Symmetric antisymmetric Subscript, superscript Multiplicity equivalent electrons Periodic table Group, period Helium (氦), neon(氖) Lithium (锂), sodium(钠), Alkaline earth (碱土) lanthanide (rare earths) (稀土) Fluorine (氟), halogen(卤素) Nitrogen (氮) Hund’s rules Inert (noble) gas Ion （离子） Many electrons in an atom The electrons interact not only with the nucleus but also among themselves. It is difficult to get the wave function. Electron configuration: How do the electrons fill the shells and subshells? How to get its ground state? Atoms with a close atomic number will have a smooth or regular variation in the atomic properties? Z=10, 11, 9? The Pauli exclusion principle The Pauli exclusion principle states that only one electron can be in a given state, which is labeled by four quantum numbers (n,l,ml,ms): n, Principal quantum number, the energy level l, Orbital quantum number, orbital angular momentum, ml (Orbital) magnetic quantum number, ms Spin (magnetic) quantum number, This principle applies to fermions (next slide). In the ground states of atoms, electrons occupy the lowest energy states available consistent with the exclusion principle. Fermions and Bosons Particles of half-integral spin are often referred to as Fermi particles or fermions, such as protons, electrons and neutrons. They have wave functions that are antisymmetric to an exchange of any pair of them. Particles of 0 or an integral spin are referred to as Bose particles or Bosons, such as photons, α particles and helium atoms. They have wave functions that are symmetric to an exchange of any pair of them. Electron configuration (1) Two basic rules determine the electron structure of many-electron atoms. A system of particles is stable when its total energy is