computer ststem.pptVIP

new words: hierarchy [ha??rɑ:k?] n. 分层、层次 RAM Random-access memory 可随意存储的内存 SRAM Static RAM DRAM Dynamic RAM gap [ɡ?p] n.缺口；分歧；间隔； vt.造成缝隙 cache [k??] n.电脑快速缓冲贮存区 quote [kw??t] vt.报价；引述 n.报价 sector [sekt?(r)] n.扇形 cylinder [s?l?nd?(r)] n.圆筒，圆柱；汽缸 spindle [sp?ndl] n.轴 surface [s?:f?s] n.表面；外观，外表；地面。 respective [r??spekt?v] adj.各自的，分别的 conversely [?k?nv?:sli] adv.相反地，颠倒地；倒地；反之 spatial [?spe??l] adj.空间的；存在于空间的 figure [?fiɡ?] n.图解 capacity [k?p?s?t?] n.容量； adj.充其量的， content cache accessing main memory disk geometry As we move from the top of the hierachy to bottom , the device becomes slower, larger , and less costly per byte. The main idea of a memory hierachy is that storage at one level serves as a cache for storage at the next lower level. Thus, the register file is a cache for the cache L1 cache. Cache L1 and L2 are caches for L2 and L3, respectively. cache memories CPU chip Cache memories Register ALU Bus interface I/O bridge Main memory System bus Memory bus Disk Disk controller The memory hierarchies of early computer systems consisted of only three levels: CPU register, main DRAM memory, disk storage. Modern computer make heavy use of caches to try to bridge the processor-memory gap. As time went on, the increasing gap between disk,DRAM, and CPU speeds is shown quite clearly in the Figure. accessing main memorymov eax,A (a load operation) bus interface ALU I/O bridge register eax main memory A address A (a) The fisrt step: CPU pleaces address A on the memory bus. I/O bridge bus interface ALU register A main memory eax content of address A (b) The second step: Main memory reads A from the bus, retrieves the