e第2讲信号处理与分析基础2012cI.ppt

Lecture 2 Introduction to Signal Processing For most purposes of description and analysis, a signal can be defined simply as a mathematical function y =f(x) where x is the independent variable which species the domain of the signal Time Domain Classification of Signals Deterministic signals are those whose behaviour can be predicted exactly. Non-deterministic signals are those whose behaviour cannot be predicted exactly. vehicle noise and vibrations on a road, acoustic pressure variations in a wind tunnel, wave heights in a rough sea, temperature records at a weather station, etc Deterministic Signals Aperiodic signals First of all note that that periodicity implies that the signal repeats for all time so one type of aperiodicity arises if the signal only exists for a finite time Signals existing for a finite range of time are called transient Examples include impulse (hammer) excitation response of systems, explosion and shock loading, acoustic emissions, crack propagation (when the crack is the width of the structure, the structure fails) Infinite aperiodic function There, periodicity would have to fail because one or more of the important signal parameters were changing Suppose the mean were changing, A signal with time-varying mean Such signals occur in machines which are about to fail looking for this type of characteristic is therefore important in condition monitoring Quasi-periodic Signals Also, Almost periodic Signals x(t) = A1sin(2πp1t +θ1) + A2sin(2πp2t +θ2) If the frequency ratio p1/p2 is a rational number, the signal x(t) is periodic and repeats at every time interval of the smallest common period of both 1/p1and 1/p2. If the ratio p1/p2 is irrational (as an example, the ratio p1/p2 = 2/√2 is irrational), the signal x(t) never repeats. Non-deterministic signals Various terminologies are used to describe non-deterministic signals, namely random processes (signals), stochastic processes, time