Chap1516-KineGas.pptVIP

* Chapter 1516 The Kinetic Theory of Gases The Ideal Gas Law Pressure and Temperature of Ideal Gas The Maxwell’s Distribution Laws Mean Free Path 15-1 The Ideal Gas Law ( P377) At low enough densities, all real gases tend to obey the relation: (ideal gas law) n is the number of moles of gas present, and R is gas constant that has the same value for all gases Another form of ideal gas law is: k is called Boltzmann constant, which is defined as N is total number of molecules in the sample. A N N n = A gas whose macroscopic properties are governed by PV = nRT (PV = NkT) is called I.G. All real gases approach the ideal state at low enough densities——that is, under the conditions in which their molecules are far enough apart that they do not interact with one another. (c) Any collision between molecules is elastic. The microscopic model of ideal gas: (b) The interactions between molecules can be neglected except collisions; (a) Density of gas is small, so the size of molecules is smaller than their mean distance; 15-2 Pressure and Temperature of Ideal Gas This section is typical method of microscopic research which is called kinetic theory of gases. Kinetic theory is based on an atomic model of matter. The basic assumption of kinetic theory is that the measurable properties of gases combined actions of countless numbers of atoms and molecules. The characteristic size of an atom is about 10-10 m. The density of molecules is 3?1019 /cm3. (P384) Pressure formula of ideal gases: Statistical Hypotheses (统计假设): What is the connection between the pressure P exerted by the gas on the walls and the speeds of the molecules? (a) Velocities of molecules are different. Each molecule has its velocity, which may be changed due to collisions; (b) At equilibrium, the distribution of molecules on the position is uniform, which means that the density of number of molecules is the same e