IELTS_writing_123.docVIP

Lecture one: words 动词 v. 主动词：及物vt.，不及物vi.，连系link-v. 助动词：基本助动词 do, be, have, 否定，疑问，被动，强调，时态变化。 情态助动词 A baby can not dress itself. 单宾 She ordered herself a new dress. 双宾 He kept me waiting. 复杂宾语 We all breathe, eat, and drink. 不及物 This book is mine. 连系 The leaves have turned red. 连系 a. He does not smoke. 助 b. George does homework every evening. a. I had not been reading for half an hour when I heard steps outside. 助 b. She had a little round mouth and bluish eyes. a. Tom and Tim are going to the swimming pool. 助 b. Tom and Tim are pretty good swimmers. 不定式做宾语 一般接不定式做宾语的动词：afford, agree, aim, apply, arrange, ask, choose, claim, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, swear, threaten, want, wish… We can’t afford to buy an apartment in the city. She claims to know all the details of the book. In this way, children can learn to cooperate with others. 不定式做宾语补语 感官动词see, watch, observe, hear, feel, notice, 使役动词have, let, make省掉to. 其他使役动词带to：advise, cause, allow, ask, beg, drive, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, permit, persuade, remind, teach, tell, trust, urge, want, warn… Difficulties teach one to be great. The updating society requires people to accept new things positively. -ing分词做宾语 接-ing分词做宾语的动词：acknowledge, avoid, contemplate, defer, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, evade, facilitate, fancy, favor, finish, give up, can’t help, imagine, include, keep on, don’t mind, miss, postpone, practice, put off, resent, risk, can’t stand, suggest, consider, resist等。 Mother suggested going there by bus. Need, want, require, deserve后，常用-ing分词的主动形式表被动意义，或用不定式被动。 The desk needs cleaning. The desk needs to be cleaned. Try to do努力干, try doing尝试, mean to do打算干, mean doing意味着, stop doing, stop to do, go on doing, go on to do, 介词宾语都用-ing分词 He dreams of becoming a teacher. Lecture two: words do one’s best do out 打扫，整理 do right 有道理 do in Rome as the Romans do. 入乡随俗 do with 与…相处